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Consulado de mercaderes
The Consulado de mercaderes was the merchant guild of Seville founded in 1543; the Consulado enjoyed virtual monopoly rights over goods shipped to America, in a regular and closely controlled West Indies Fleet, and handled much of the silver this trade generated.
A consulado was founded in Mexico City in 1594, controlled by peninsularwholesale merchants who dealt in long distance trade, who often married into local elite families with commercial ties. Their assets had to amount to at least 28,000 pesos. Although they were not supposed to deal in local retail trade, they often did some indirectly.〔Ida Altman, Sarah Cline, and Javier Pescador, ''The Early History of Greater Mexico,'' Pearson 2003, p. 178.〕 They mainly lived in Mexico City and had positions on the city council cabildo. A number of them were connected to the crown mint in the capital. They diversified the assets locally, investing in urban real estate.〔Altman, et al., ''Early History of Greater Mexico,'' p. 178.〕 In the eighteenth century, as New Spain's economy boomed, consulados were established in the port of Veracruz and in Guadalajara Mexico, indicating increased trade and the expansion of the merchant elite.〔Altman, et al., ''Early History of Greater Mexico,'' p. 283.〕〔D.A. Brading, ''Miners and Merchants in Bourbon Mexico, 1763-1810.'' New York: Cambridge University Press 1971.〕〔John E. Kicza, ''Colonial Entrepreneurs: Families and Business in Bourbon Mexico City.'' Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1983.〕 The consulado in late colonial Mexico had approximately 200 members, who divided themselves into two factions based, the Basque and Montañés, even though some were from neither of those Iberian regions.〔Altman, et al., ''The Early History of Greater Mexico,'' p. 296.〕 American-born merchants came to be part of the consulado in the later colonial period, but a small number of peninsular merchants dominated.〔Altman, et al. ''The Early History of Greater Mexico,'' p. 296.〕 Goods were shipped from the Spanish port of Cádiz to Veracruz, but many of the goods were produced elsewhere in Europe.〔
== Importance of The Consulado ==
In the mid-16th century, all American trade from Spain was funneled through the city of Seville, and later, the nearby port of Cádiz. The ''Casa de Contratación'', which translated into English means "Board of Trade", registered ships and passengers, kept charts, collected taxes, and in general controlled the Indies trade. In order to survive and maintain an effective business, the ''Casa de Contratación'' worked in conjunction with the merchant guild ''Consulado'', which in turn controlled goods shipped to America and was paid vast amounts of silver in return for its cooperation.
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